Parenthetical References
- The sources that you use should be cited in the text of your paper, either in parentheses
or as part of the text itself:
- During the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's
attitudes toward the older generation (Hodges 2003,
176).
- Hodges (2003,
176) discussed how,
during the turbulent 1960s, science
fiction programs on television reflected the
public's attitudes toward the older generation.
- In a 2003 article, Hodges
(176)
discussed how,
during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television
reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation.
- Two authors:
-
(Kirk and Spock 2013, 47)
- Three authors:
-
(Kirk, Spock, and McCoy 2013, 47)
- Four or more authors:
-
(Kirk et al. 2013, 47)
But include all of the authors in the reference list.
- Corporate author:
-
(NASAJPL 2007, 47)
Create an abbreviation for long names.
- No author:
-
("Roddenberry Legacy" 2007, 47)
Use the first few words to shorten the title, excluding initial articles.
Place the title in italics or quotation marks (or neither) the same way that you would in the reference list.
- No page numbers:
-
(Coppa 2008, para. 2.16)
("Undeveloped" 2011, under "1970s Series")
With short documents posted as a single, scrolling webpage, no page numbers are needed.
- No date:
-
(Kirk, n.d., 47)
Do not use this for webpages. Use the date that you looked at the webpage.
- Multivolume book:
-
(Kirk 2013, 3:47)
Parenthetical References -- Special Cases
- Encyclopedia Article:
- If a well-known encyclopedia or dictionary is arranged alphabetically,
do not include it in the reference list. Cite it only in the parenthetical reference in the text. Include only the
title of the encyclopedia,
the edition (unless it is the first), the
title of the article, and the
author (if there is one). Use s.v. before one word titles and s.vv. before multiword titles.
Note that none of the words in the article title are capitalized unless they are proper nouns.
- Hardcopy:
-
-
(The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,
15th ed., s.v.
"astronomy")
- From a database or website:
- For well-known online encyclopedias, include the
date of publication, modification, or access; and the
DOI, URL, or shortened URL.
-
-
(Britannica Online Encyclopedia,
Academic ed., s.v.
"astronomy,"
by Michael Wulf Friedlander,
accessed March 10, 2013,
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40047/astronomy)
(Wikipedia,
s.vv.
"timeline of Star Trek,"
last modified February 5, 2013,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Star_Trek)
- Articles from lesser-known encyclopedias or encyclopedias that are
not arranged alphabetically should be treated the same as book articles or chapters
and should be included in the reference list.
- Newspaper Article:
- Newspaper articles viewed on paper, microfilm, and websites should not be included in the
reference list. Cite them only in the parenthetical references in the text. Include only the
author, article title,
newspaper title, date,
and - for websites - the date you looked at it.
Do not include the
page numbers or URL.
If you incorporate some of the citation information into your text, then only the remaining information
needs to be included in the parentheses.
-
-
(Sarah Lyall,
"To Boldly Go Where Shakespeare Calls,"
New York Times,
January 27, 2008, accessed April 10, 2013)
- However, the newspaper's magazine section and weekend supplements
should be treated as if they were regular magazines, so the page numbers
(if available) should be included - but only the specific pages that you used,
not the page range of the entire article.
- Magazine Article:
- Magazine articles viewed on paper, microfilm, and websites should not be included in the
reference list. Cite them only in the parenthetical references in the text. Include only the
author, article title,
magazine title, date,
specific pages that you used (not the page range of the entire article),
and - for websites - the date you looked at it.
Do not include the
URL.
If you incorporate some of the citation information into your text, then only the remaining information
needs to be included in the parentheses.
-
-
(John Marks,
"Beethoven vs Star Trek,"
Stereophile,
December 2011,
53,
accessed April 21, 2013)
|